Remuneration and Employee Motivation in the Retail Industry Research Paper

Remuneration and Employee Motivation in the Retail Industry - look Paper ExampleThe current paper focuses on the examination of the relationship between remuneration and indigence in firms operating in the retail industry. It seems that employee motivation is strongly affected by the remuneration policies employ within a specific organization. However, this relationship has many aspects it is possible for the employees action to be kept at high levels even if the amount of compensation (or other benefits) paid to employees is not increased. The skills of the managers involved in the applicable efforts are of critical importance for the achievement of the above target. The above assumptions apply been also verified in practice through the survey conducted for this study. Most of the participants employees in two large shopping centers in London, UK have stated that the conditions in the workplace are quite important for their performance even if the remuneration is displace t han expected. However, in the long term, a fair remuneration strategy is required in order for the productivity of employees to be kept at high levels.The increase of employee motivation as a factor influencing their performance can be achieved only through appropriate HR policies. The conditions of the market, however, have also a all-important(a) role during periods of strong financial turbulence, the ability of managers to proceed to specific initiatives like increasing the remuneration of employees is limited.

Hannebachite- a rare and important Sulphite Term Paper

Hannebachite- a r atomic number 18 and important Sulphite - Term Paper ExampleIn fact Hannebachite among the two most important naturally occurring sulfites, the early(a) being Orschallite (Ca3(SO3)2(SO4).12H2O). Hannebachite, Orschallite, scotlandite (PbSO3) and gravegliaite are rare sulphite minerals that serve under the class of Sulphites. The name hannebachite has been derived from the place it was offset printing discovered in i.e.at Hannerbacherly, near Hannebach, West Germany. Sulfite groups micturate the generalized formula AmSO3pZqxH2O and AmBnSO3pZqxH2O, where A and B both are cations and Z represent anion. The most ordinarily occurring cations groups binding includes Na+, K+, Cu2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Ca2+, Pb2+, and Ba2+. The groincular arrangement of sulphite is such that the sulfur molecule is at the apex of the pyramid thereby making sulfites really rickety. This is the reason why sulphite minerals are rarely found in nature. Hannebachite is an important component of f ixated scrubber sludge. The grammatical construction of Hannebachite has several applications and forms the basis of further investigation since the applications of the mineral are yet to be check overd and hence immense scope of research lies in this area. Introduction Hannebachite accredited its IMA status in 1983 following which the first ever publication on it was produced by G.Hentschel, E.Tillmanns and W. Hofmeister in 1985 however, the first person to detect the presence of this mineral was P.Orschall who was also the discoverer of Orschallite mineral. He found these minerals in a place named Hannerbacherly in West Germany. In nature Hannebachite is mostly found along with another sulfite mineral called Orschallite. Other minerals found in the porous cavities of quaternary melilite nepheline leucitite are clinopyroxene, apatite and phillipsite COMPOSITION The mineral hannebachite, gained brilliance owing to commercial research on sulfite rich scrubber stuffs. Studies hav e shown that sulfite rich scrubber material extracted from power plants were rich in Hannebachite crystallites (Malhotra,2010). In nature Hannebachite is found as sharp, almost clear crystal clear structure. The composition of the mineral is SO2 49.60%,CaO 43.42%, H2O 6.98% which corresponds to its molecular formula (Anthony et al,2000).Sulfites in nature are highly unstable owing to the pyramidal structure where the sulfur is seen at the apex while the oxygen sits on the other corners of the arrangement thereby these unstable products change into sulfates. However, CaSO4.0.5H2O can substitute into the CaSO3.0.5H2O structure up to a mole fraction of at least 0.12 (Jones et al., 1977). Structure of Hannebachite It is already known that the chemical composition of the mineral includes carbon, henry sulfur and oxygen. The molecular weight is about 258.30gm. Hannebachite is orthorhombic. Its space group is Pbna (2m/2m/2m). Extensive studies have been done to determine the exact struct ure of the mineral. Powder diffraction was conducted to calculate the single crystal profile (figure 3). The optical class of the mineral was seen to be biaxial. It was recorded that a= 6.46A, b= 7.765A and c=10.650A which means that in the orthorhombic crystal system of hannebachite important=90, beta= 90 and gamma=90. The J-mol structure gives a clear interpretation of this structure (Figure3). Spectroscopic studies conducted brought forward a clear idea of the bonding between the atoms present (Figure 1). The structure of hannebachite mineral was studied through Raman Spectroscopy by Frost and Keefe. The sample for hannebachite was supplied by Mineralogical Research Company who sourced in from the Hannebacher Ley volcano in Germany. The bands are observed at

A discussion by Lanston Hughes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A discussion by Lanston Hughes - Essay Examplefamilies and kids now of their own only it is amplified by the awkwardness of their chance meeting in the busy park in early twilight after years of no communication, each hurrying on the way home before dark.The spill season signifies the progression towards a time of darkness and coldness, the season of winter. This also somehow conveys the message of creation in the sunset or twilight of their lives already, in middle age and soon into retirement age. The ebullience of their youth had been gone and each of them is now weighed down by their respective marital and familial responsibilities. Their genius of loss is further emphasized by the loss of time, if only they could turn back the clock and go back to their younger days when they were the best of lovers. Both of them are now a bit old, although bloody shame is older than Bill, since she is the elder of the two.The setting of the story is unfailingly very depressing, shown by t he metaphors of fallen autumn leaves from the trees, brute(a) without wind. The time of day was autumn dusk which is nearly sunset already a few more than minutes and it would be dark as night sets in. It was cold. Figures of speech used, such as metaphors and euphemisms symbolize the fall of not having pursued their dreams both are now in the autumn of their lives (Hughes, 2002, p.

Corporate Governance Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

corporal Governance Dilemma - Essay ExampleThe shareholding trope involved the maximization of shareholders value while the stakeholding paradigm involved satisfaction of stakeholders interests. This created the conceptual dichotomy over individual liberty and justice for everyone when making classic business decisions (Sullivan and Conlon, 1997). A prime example of this decision making model is the successful multinational furniture manufacturer Ikea (IKEA, 2012) . While starting as a small family business in Sweden, it gradually became the knowledge domains largest home furnishing retailer with a reputation of low prices and novel design. The companys indispensable costs were attributed to the fact most of the products were manufactu reddened in factories from Asian and eastern European countries. However, in primordial 1998 a scandal ensued stating that Ikea was tolerating appalling working conditions in its suppliers factories in Eastern Europe and quickly write an agreem ent that would stop exploitation of the workers. Later that year, a TV documentary was shown depicting images of child comminute and unhealthy working conditions in factories in India producing IKEA textiles and garments causing uproar in Sweden. Despite the subsequent debates and campaigns from the state-controlled Party (SP), the company failed to acknowledge the problem and refused inspection by third parties. Ikea also didnt bear the Rugmark foundation label, which validated the eradication of child labour and was already adopted by many companies at that time. Customer complaints in the following year ensued and yellow cards were signed but in retort the company still claimed that it would take measures for child labour but didnt satisfy the SPs demands for good control. This in turn caused the intensification of the campaigns spreading to other European countries like Austria and Belgium, ultimately leading to the signing of 53.300 red cards on the 3rd of June 1999 which banned the purchase of any Indian rugs or textiles from Ikea. The result was the complaisance of Ikea on the 7th of July 1999 with the terms of the SP, which involved stronger measures against child labour and hiring a third party cockeyed to evaluate the process. Ikea also adopted a code of conduct in September 2000, called The Ikea Way of buy Home Furnishing Products (IWAY), clearly stating against forced labour and hazardous work conditions (IKEA, 2012). On one hand, Ikeas practices displayed a non-professional approach to the companys problems which was the cause of the subsequent campaigns and product sales ban. The denial of the problems existence significantly damaged companys consumer market by raising questions and awareness of the manufacturing processes of the products. Additionally, the loser of taking initiatives and allowing third party evaluation, raised criticisms for other practices such as tax evasion, further alter its reputation. The image of a child-friendl y reputation was critically damaged which might affected the sales and market refinement of the company. On the other hand, despite the delayed response from Ikea, various initiatives were taken to restore the companys image. In addition to introducing the IWAY code of conduct against forced la

Creativity and Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Creativity and Play - Essay ExampleCreativity likewise has many denotations and connotations in the face language. Creativity is hallmarked by intrinsic motivation, intention, adaptiveness and originality. It is what the person does, either the creative act or something aesthetically note new and purposeful to the individual child. Original means it is not habitual and shies from routine. Creative has the implication of outlaw(a) and intrinsically motivated. Intentional actions are not governed by conventions or extrinsic rewards (Sternberg, 1999).This essay will ruminate on the importance of butterfly in developing creativity. It seeks to analyze the different theories that are posited to reference childhood fulfil and offer an evaluation of creativity across the early childhood platforms in the United Kingdom (UK) namely the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) and the National Curriculum (NC). advert will be made to personal experience underpinned by relevant theory. It wil l begin with theoretical descriptions of creativity and play while exploring each construct separately and in relation to each other. The tidings will then follow early childhood education theories. Furthermore, the roles of teachers and parents in relation to creativity and play will be identified.Creativity is defined as a process involving the production of remote associations through thinking outside the box while possessing divergent or unusual, if not, original ideas. In creative play children develop their practical skills through imagining, designing and creating. Educational experts have developed standards defining what children should know and be able to do by certain grade levels. The content children learn in the creative curriculum is guided by these standards. The creative curriculum explains how to teach content in ways that respect the developmental stages of children. (James C. Kaufman, 2006)Teachers

Law coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law coursework - Essay ExampleResulting from this unique position of power, conductors are legally considered to stand in a fiduciary relationship with their company, and are subject to specific duties stemming from that relationship (Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Guliver (1967). Where an employee or director of a company (1) takes advantage of business opportunities made known to them during the course of their relationship and diverted much(prenominal) opportunities to themselves, (1) receives bribes from suppliers, and/or (3) engages in unlawful competitive influenceivity, the employee or director will not be permitted to obligate that benefit, as the law treats money or corporate opportunities as belonging to the principal company. In amplification to this, if the person owing the fiduciary traffic earns further internet from a breach of fiduciary duties, those profits also belong to the principal. Principals are in some circumstances entitled to trace the property current throug h to third parties. Moreover, even if the person has spent the money or disposed of the assets in question, a fiduciary remains personally liable for the monetary equivalent of the benefit received (Gillhams). Over the time, the courts find construed company directors fiduciary duties as being duties to act in good faith and for proper utilization a) avoid conflicts of interest b) retain directors discretion and c) act with due care and skill Directors also owe a obligation of care to their company down the stairs the common law of negligence. In addition to these popular law duties, directors owe statutory duties under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), (Stephens) such as duty to act in good faith in the best interest of the company and duty to prevent insolvent employment by company (Ibid). The Companies Act of 2006 provides seven general duties in the new statutory statement as follows a)?A duty to act in accordance with the companys constitution, and to use powers only for t he purposes for which they were conferred. This replaces existing, alike duties. b) a duty to promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members. This replaces the common law duty to act in good faith in the companys interests. c) A duty to exercise separatist judgment. There is no exactly equivalent duty at common law. However, directors are currently under an obligation not to fetter their discretion to act or to take decisions this aspect of the general duty replaces this obligation. d). A duty to exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence. This replaces the existing duty of care and skill. e). A duty to avoid conflicts of interest (except where they arise out of a proposed transaction or arrangement with the company watch out below). At present, if a director allows his personal interests, or his duties to another person, to conflict with his duty to the company then, unless shareh overageers coincide to the conflict (i) the company can avoid any relevant contract and (ii) he must deem to the company for any secret profit he has made out of the arrangement. The new duty replaces this old rule. f)?A duty not to accept benefits from third parties. There is no express duty to this resultant at common law. It appears to derive from the current duties (Freshfields 4). A director must not exploit his duty for personal gain at the expense of the corporation and its stockholders, to whom he owes the utmost good faith (Babb and Martin 321).

Turkish Foreign Policy since the Ottoman Empire Essay

Turkish Foreign Policy since the blow imperium - Essay ExampleSince time immemorial, dud had been a predominantly a Muslim country that was controlled by the sultanates of the powderpuff Empire.However,through a nationalist movement led by Musataf Kemal,Turkey was able to establish itself as a prosperous secular state that could assert itself as a force in the Central African region. To establish itself to be the modern day Turkey, it had to employ numerous strategies as the Ottoman Empire at a lower place the leadership of the Sultanates was greatly opposed to an independent Turkish state with a distinct language, dress write in code and run through secular laws. The early leadership of Abdulhamid II (1876-1909) that laid claim that the Ottoman Sultan was the universal leader of the Muslims used propaganda and counter-propaganda. However, he did not anticipate that opposition could come from an Islamic perspective. This Sunni thinker was largely opposed by the Shiite Iran who did not recognize the Ottoman Empire as it occupied what was traditionally land owned by the Arabs, due to endless persecution, the As Shiites and the Sunnis waged an endless war depending on which side they supported.1 As a method to re-engineer the state towards attaining legitimacy, the Ottoman Empire bought about education through the pain in the ass of uniform religious values through primary and secondary education. This has however been proved to have been the Ottoman Empires way of propaganda to educate the ills of the Shiites to the Iraqi population which was perceived to be a lesson duty. Finally, it was proved that the attempts of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire fell flat on its face but make the basis of the republican Turkish nation building, which has been a success. This historical heritage of past concepts and conflicts explains the current geopolitical occurrences in the Middle East and Central Asia.2 As at the imminent relegate of the Ottoman Empire, the sult anate became scarce limited to the plateau at Anatolia. The implementation of the Treaty of Serves weakened the empire as it lost its geopolitical positioning that deprived it of its most important resources. This led to the formation of nationalist movements under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal, which culminated in the National Pact of Ankara of January 1920 that resolved to claim those parts of the empire occupied by Turkish populations that laid the basis for the Kemal foreign policy that focused on national unity buttressed by economic and political independence. Through nationalist uprisings and rebellions, the forces led by Kemal were able to crush the Armenian nation as well as defeating the Greeks. In the process, it was able to negotiate itself into occupying Asia Minor and East Thrace. The Lausanne Treaty company the stage for the Kemalist foreign relation policy especially Greek-Turkish relations marked with the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of Turkey un der Kemal. This marked the proclamation of Turkey as a republic after(prenominal) the Sultan had been driven away and recognition of Turkey as a secular state.3 Thereafter the Kemal authorities focused on pursuing a foreign policy of maintaining peace as Turkey had been touch on in a conflict for almost a decade. To achieve this, even when there was the First military man War and the upheavals in South Eastern Europe, Turkey adopted a neutral stand. For example, Turkey subscribe a treaty with Russia known as the Turco-Soviet Treaty of Neutrality and Non-Agression that emphasized its neutrality and no acts of assault in whatever circumstances. What was integral to Turkey then was the securing of its borders through emphasis on territorial righteousness as well as the independence of Turkey as republic.4 Later Turkey forged a common foreign policy with Russia to the extent of refusing to be members of the League of Nations due to the suspicion of the Western powers, Turkey was also apprehensive of some articles in the treaty forming the League of Nations. After the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union

How Can College Students Manage Their Money Essay

How Can College Students Manage Their Money - Essay ExampleA student should also be able to separate wants from needs and prioritize the most significant things. Scholarships.com explains that a good plan moldiness be put into action after identifying the differences between wants and needs (Web). Understanding wants and needs helps in bring in a students spending and making sure that a student has sufficient resources in the event of an emergency and enhances making informed gold management decisions. Moreover, a student may favor for a checking account that reduces fees on withdrawals or fund transfer and therefore shopping around to get a bank with convenient ATMs near campus may hugely reduce near unnecessary costs. Just in line with the banking, a student should be able to keep an kernel on the account balance before spending against it thus reducing cases where a student budgets for money that is perhaps not existing. Additionally, most students misuse point of reference bill posters hence attracting dangerous financial position. some students currently use credit cards in carrying out their transactions thus making it easier to hive up a large amount of debt while in college. A student should go easy with the credit cards and understand that the easiest way of spending beyond ones means is charging the credit card (Scholarships.com Web). Students should, therefore, use credit cards sparingly and avoid paying interest on even simple-minded things such as on a bag of chips.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Mobile and Internet Banking Dissertation

Advantages and Disadvantages of Mobile and net profit Banking - Dissertation ExampleTwo essential technological innovations that have been incorporated as part of the service of banks be mobile banking and profit banking. Mobile and internet banking are different from one another, although the deuce are closely linked with each other.Mobile banking signifies entrance fee anytime and anywhere to banking transactions, which are computer mediated (Tiwari & Buss, 2006). The gravel is enabled by the use of mobile communication networks devising the availment of the services independent from the geographical location of the node (Stanoevska-Slabeva, 2004). In other words, it is the use of mobile devices handle cell phone to avail of financial services. On the other hand, internet banking is on-line banking. This is the use of humanityness wide web in order to irritate financial services (Khalil, 2007). Online banking has paved for paperless banking and no human interaction in th e availment of financial services.As these two technological innovations have changed the manner with which banking terminate flat be undertaken, it has transformed contemporary banking in such(prenominal) a way that the convenience and ease of nettle to financial services, in turn, have reduced the echt contact between the bank and the customer. This brings to light the important question of service and customer satisfaction. This question is life-or-death since banks are primarily service oriented and as part of the service industry service and customer satisfaction are at the core of entirely financial services that banks offer to its clients (Nisar, 2003).... Mobile and internet banking are different from one another, although the two are closely linked with each other. Mobile banking signifies access anytime and anywhere to banking transactions, which are computer mediated (Tiwari & Buss, 2006). The access is enabled by the use of mobile communication networks making the availment of the services independent from the geographical location of the customer (Stanoevska-Slabeva, 2004). In other words, it is the use of mobile devices like cell phone to avail of financial services. On the other hand, internet banking is on-line banking. This is the use of world wide web in order to access financial services (Khalil, 2007). Online banking has paved for paperless banking and no human interaction in the availment of financial services. As these two technological innovations have changed the manner with which banking can now be undertaken, it has transformed contemporary banking in such a way that the convenience and ease of access to financial services, in turn, have reduced the actual contact between the bank and the customer. This brings to light the important question of service and customer satisfaction. This question is crucial since banks are primarily service oriented and as part of the service industry service and customer satisfaction are at the co re of all financial services that banks offer to its clients (Nisar, 2003). 1.2. Problem Statement The technological innovation of mobile banking and internet banking has ushered a new approach in rendering financial services to bank clients. It has created a platform wherein clients can access banking services anytime and anywhere. While, on-line banking offers 24-7 banking access, speed and the convenience of

Composition 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Composition 3 - Es formulate ExampleThe first of the reason that explains why the modality of the gaffer impacts the employees negatively is that the foul conception of the boss leads to creation of fear and dread to the employees (King, 2008). When the boss is in a foul mood and keeps on shouting to the employees and intimidating them in the workplace, employees become fearful of communicating with the boss and even explaining anything to him. This fear leads to anxiety which grows as the foul mood and the negative mood turns contagious to the employees. When the anxiety level of all employees is high, they founder to pay attention to their work. They keep on thinking of what the boss will think or say and hence end up with shady job which negatively affects the performance of the company in general.The mood of the boss according to (Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee, 2002) also affects the employees by creating melodic line and lack of job satisfaction. As mentioned earlier, fear b y the employees leads to anxiety. If the bad mood by the boss continues or even elevates due to the reduction in productivity, it causes approximative comments from the boss who are demeaning and even leading to some employees crying. This eventually leads to creation of stress among the employees. When an private is living in a stressing environment, the stress increases leading to more medical bills accumulating all of which are added expenses to the company. The stress will also cause the employees to miss work or reduce their performance in the workplace.The former(a) reason that increases the stress levels of the employees is the lack of empathy by the boss who has bad mood. The boss only cares about himself and when it comes to ain issues of the employees, he withdraws, does not show any empathy at all. In order for employees to work well with their boss and even increase their work performance from the good environment of the workplace, the

Finance Problem Solving Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance Problem Solving - Assignment eventTherefore, Amber has a net work capital of $200 and a up-to-the-minute ratio of 1.20. This indicates that the smart set will be able to assume any succinct term obligations that fancy up unexpectedly overdue to round investment in the working capital. On the other hand, Barbie has no occurrent assets, but has $600 price of current liabilities. Therefore, Amber has a net working capital of negative $600 and a weak current ratio. This indicates that the company will not be able to pay any short term obligations that arise unexpectedly due to no investments in the working capital. Amber Barbie Current Assets $1,200 $0 Current Liabilities $1,000 $600 lowest Working Capital $200 ($600) Current Ratio 1.20 0.00 Therefore, it is important for a corporation to invest some of its funds in the financing of the working capital. A company must(prenominal) be able to pay its creditor when payment becomes dues, and possess ample inventory and ca sh to ensure the smooth functioning of the company. Question 4 A firm progress tos optimal level of working capital only when the constituents of the working capital achieve optimal position. The company must have a favorable level of inventory determined by the economic order quantity. It must work upon optimal lead times that ensure no shortage and no excess inventory at any point in time. This will ensure stripped costs association with the inventory handling. Likewise, the company must forecast future cash inflows and outflows, risk tolerance and borrowing capability to ensure an optimal cash level. An excess surplus must be invested in short term securities, whereas a shortage must be immediately handled with an overdraft with the bank. Similarly, the company could determine its advantageous days sales outstanding which will allow it to make an effective policy toward the prudence of its receivables. (Brigham and Gapenski 1988) Question 6 The matching principle of the work ing capital financing states that the non-current assets and permanent current assets must be financed by long term debt whereas fluctuating current assets must be financed by short term debt. (Brigham and Gapenski 1988) For instance A retail store balance sheet shows inventory, cash, account receivable and mulish assets. At any point in time, this store has a minimum amount of all current assets which becomes a part of the permanent current assets. Therefore, according to this matching principle, these permanent current assets and fixed assets atomic number 18 to be financed by long term debt. There is low cost associated with this technique as most(prenominal) of the assets are finance low interest long term debt. Likewise, it results in a higher lucrativeness as interest expense is low in this strategy. It also provides the company with more naiantity and a better current ratio. (Brigham and Gapenski 1988) Problem 17-3 Company A Company B Current Assets $1,400 $960 Current L iabilities $900 $600 straighten out Working Capital $500 $360 Current Ratio 1.56 1.60 Company A appears to be more liquid as compared to company B. This is because it has a higher net working capital. Even though company A has slightly lower current ratio, it holds more of its assets in the liquid form. Problem 17-6 a. Working Capital = $ one hundred sixty b. Net Working Capital = Current Assets Current Liabilities Net Working Capital = $160 - $ clxx Net Working Capital = ($10) c. The company is following a very aggressive approach to working capital financing. This is indicated by a low net working capital which shows that all of the current assets

Marketing Fundamentals and Enviroment Coursework

Marketing basics and Enviroment - Coursework ExampleThe more the communication is done better result would be. The good result is, of course, the desire of either marketing personal. Communication is the act of influencing and inducing others to act in the manner intended. Sharing of ideas with others is basically communication. Thus, we could manifestly say that normally there is a duration of the time period for a particular agreement/ post to simply be identified in a particular market. For all this, there argon certain factors that should be followed in order to be successful. (DiMaggio, n.p, 2001)Time utilization is one of the most congenital elements in the promotion of any organization/ spot. If the allocation of proper time is done and every proper(postnominal) factor is taken under consideration then the desired result could easily be achieved in less time period.An excellent example of a very successful brand is mother care. This specific brand by the name of mother ca re is a unique collection of all the items of children wear, as well as furniture, stationery, toy dog and much more. This brand has got a very good collection of everything that a child basically requires and at a antecedentable price.It is due to this reason, that people ilk shopping in mother care. One of the other reason is that mother care have got their outlet basically in all the countries of the world, no matter where you go and if you would like to buy their product you can easily get it anywhere in the world.It is very much original that these organizations/brands do have to face a lot of challenges in the market, their unique collection of stock. Let, we take levis. This brand is famous for its good quality of products. These products are durable, comfortable and good to wear especially the youth of now really likes this brand.

Is there global convergence in corporate governance and why Essay

Is there global overlap in corporate brass section and why - Essay ExampleThis research paper is focused on crossing corporate governance practices among championship firms and tries to determine the primary reason behind it.Paul (2005) mentioned in his study that firms belonging to different ethnic background follow different organizational practices. The cross cultural difference in organizational behaviour has been studies by Hofstede, Wedel and Steenkamp (2002), where he stated that people belonging to different cultural background possesses different psychological profile, which is the key determinant behind variance in governance structures in the organizations. However, Chan and Cheung (2012) contrasted that despite of the presence of cultural differences among the firms, there exists a uniformity among the corporate laws, which compels all the trade firms to work under the same roof. Porta et al (1999) further added that the firms that operate in a multinational level d eals with the financial standards and regulations of different countries. Therefore, it becomes a big hassle for them if different countries follow different standards. This as a result forced the multinational firms to agree upon a commonly used regulations and standards that eased the business activities of the firms. Coffee-Jr (1999) mentioned that the importance of protecting shareholders interests is also a vital determinant of the growing convergence of the corporate governance structures. This is mostly because the outside investors often face the risk of uncertainty in few countries where the expropriation of the minority shareholders by the controlling shareholders is extensive. Paul (2005) opined that the advent of globalization has created an open global business mart where all the firms from different avenues perform their respective business activities. Therefore it is imperative that the firms

The Destruction of the Berlin Wall Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

The Destruction of the Berlin ring - Course locomote ExampleThe Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961 in an attempt to prevent the crme da crme of einsteinium Germany from going to West Germany. It was built post World War II and inaugurated on the 16th howling(a) of the same year. The easternmostern sector of Berlin was down the stairs the contain of the Soviet Union and the wattern sector under United States, France and Great Britain. Technically and officially eastside Germany in addition known as German republican Republic (GDR) was a communist state. It existed for around forty one years under Soviet control spanning it through the 1949-1990 eras. Soviet sector accomplished all the major hubs including Friedrichshain, Kreuzberg, Mitte, Prenzlauer Berg, Kreuzberg, and Lichtenberg it was also the biggest o the spot and the satisfying idea was to prevent an imminent brain drain, departure of well ameliorate talented elite from east Germany. It also aimed at keeping at b ay various shit centers and other organizations from intruding.It was then when a threat of yet another Great Depression engulfed Europe and Germany constituted the league of those severely affected. A majority of German city had been effaced while the transportation system remained shanty. Seldomly, refugees from the East would be seen moving to the west in search of a sound society ready to work for some measly silver in this bid. In what many perceive as a exalted move, the allied victors sought to rehabilitate and rebuild the destructed cities. The move aimed at assuaging the economic crisis and was popularly called the Marshall Plan.... It existed for around forty one years under Soviet control spanning it through the 1949-1990 eras. Soviet sector constituted all the major hubs including Friedrichshain, Kreuzberg, Mitte, Prenzlauer Berg, Kreuzberg, and Lichtenberg it was also the biggest o the spot and the whole idea was to prevent an imminent brain drain, departure of well educated talented elite from east Germany. It also aimed at keeping at bay various spy centers and other organizations from intruding.It was then when a threat of yet another Great Depression engulfed Europe and Germany constituted the league of those severely affected. A majority of German city had been effaced while the transportation system remained shanty. Seldomly, refugees from the East would be seen moving to the west in search of a sound society ready to work for some measly money in this bid. In what many perceive as a rare move, the allied victors sought to rehabilitate and rebuild the destructed cities. The move aimed at assuaging the economic crisis and was popularly called the Marshall Plan. It was named after the then U.S Secretary of State George C. Marshall, the first one to make the call for the reconstruction of Europe apparently. His in(predicate) strategy later earned him the Nobel Peace Prize. (Harrison)In another move, on July 1958, the East Germany Congress a nnounced all agricultural products be collected and distributed at whole sale prices. The move aimed at improve industrial output and formed the basis of the seven year economic stimulus which was originally meant to kick in the PPC of East Germany at par with that of West Germany. The plan also severed trade and gas allow routes behind the Iron Curtain and the situation become even worse. The policies in the East could not

Risk Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Risk depth psychology - Essay ExampleAs Wrona (2010, p. 1) states, companies that do perform a risk management process on a fairly typical multi-month project (no longer than 12 months) will identify and manage perhaps five to ten easily recognized project risks. According to this statement, risk synopsis can boil down the occurrence of some main types of risks, as well as makes companies able to respond effectively to the risks. In this paper, we will discuss two of the main risks that can occur for Ashton Wood Homes which is a Toronto based building company. The company deals in the body structure of homes and buildings and is serving the nation since 1975. According to Zou, Zhang and Wang (n.d.), some of the main risks associated with the business of construction companies are listed in the table below. Ashton Wood Homes Potential Risks Significant Index Scores Design variations 0.49 position of disputes 0.42 Variations by the client 0.46 Tight project schedule 0.67 Incompl ete approval of documents 0.39 Price Inflation 0.41 pitiful programming schedule 0.38 General safety accident occurrence 0.30 The company considers risk management prerequisite to conduct to ensure completion of construction projects within available time and budget. As Flanagan and Norman (1993, p. 45) state, care to risk is essential to ensure good performance. It is the job of the risk management authorities to suffer risk management and analysis to save time and budget. As Akintoye and MacLeod (1997, p. 31) state, risk management is essential to construction activities in minimizing losses and enhancing profitability. This statement proves the aim of the company to do proper risk analysis in order to minimize the probability of potential risks, as well as to bring improvements in performance and level of revenue. Risk management is imperative for construction companies (Schieg 2006, p. 77 Zu, Liu, & Lu 2012). According to curt (2009), proper identification of the risks and a ssessment of their potential impac

Women and marriages Essay Example for Free

Women and marriages EssayWomen and marriages in replication comedies ar satirised for being based on economic or other considerations rather than retire and mutual affection. In the late seventeenth century expectations of women were that they were still meant to respect and be faithful to their husbands, still as R. C Sharma says In the latter half of the seventeenth century, the position of women in England had improved. Though licitly they were still subordinate to men, the custom allowed them a larger measure of liberty and equality. In 1662, for the first metre professional actress were allowed on the stage, showing that the status of women was improving and as in a lot of Restoration comedies, the heroines reflect an effort by women in Restoration society to both step up from the honorable gutter and down from the pedestal. However in Act 1 of the satirical comedy, the views from the men on women are satirised. Act 1 is set at Horners lodgings late in the morning, w ith the entrance of Horner, the rake and Quack, Horners medical confidant. Later on, other characters enter.Horner, as the main character, shows many a time his opinion on women. He is interested in intelligent women But me theorizes wit is more necessary than beauty and I think no young woman ugly that has it, and no handsome woman agreeable with out it. hither he is most probably describing the stereotypical city woman, as the women in The Country Wife gull a sophisticated education. This also agrees with how he sees countrywomen, That grave circumspection in marrying a country wife is like refusing a deceitful pampered Smithfield jade. Here he is saying that to marry a country wife, must be as bad as having to turn down a disreputable woman. Women in the Restoration period, oddly married women had a severe lack of rights, as on her wedding day, a woman surrendered her rights as a femme sole. As a married women, she was a femme covert. In the Country wife just because the p osition of women was slowly changing, the women in the play try to assert some control over the men.The men however still inferiorise women and make derogatory comment about them. Mistress are like books if you pore upon them too much they doze you and make you unfit for company, but if used discreetly you are the fitter for confabulation by em. This statement by Harcourt represents the general negative attitude of men in this play towards women, by comparing them to inanimate objects. The women are also referred to as animals by Horner, women of quality are so civil, you tooshie hardly distinguish love from good breeding.

Teacher Education Essay Example for Free

Teacher Education EssayA teacher is someone whose barter is to teach especially in a school whether it is a secondary school, primary school or even kindergarten. Every teacher should have their qualification in order to be a teacher in a school. So, I think that a kindergarten teacher should have at least a basic full point to qualify them to be a good kindergarten teacher. Why kindergarten teacher should have a basic stage? There are several reasons why kindergarten teachers call for a basic distributor point which is to ensure the children get a good primaeval fosterage, the teachers can provide good teaching skills and to maturation the competition among the university students nowadays. Teachers with a basic degree will ensure the children get a good early education. As we all know, world nowadays needs people with high level of education and to see this mission, we need a teachers with wide knowledges and experiences which is a graduated students with basic degree can provide. . Besides, the children are ilk a white and blank cloth so it is teachers and parents who will colour them. The teachers with a basic degree have good enough knowledge to teach their students and they can provide correct and good education for the kids and so producing good generation for the future.The kindergarten teachers with a basic degree also can provide a good teaching skill for the students. At the university, the students are well teached with the government agencys to provide good charter environment, good teaching skills and various styles to comfort the students. So, the teachers can teach the kids in a proper way ensuring they get a good education and the teachers can provide a good and enjoyful environment for the children to teach well thus producing excellent and intelligent students. As we know, the children are very active so we need an enjoyful and bright environment to comfort them.The needs for kindergarten teachers to have at least a basic de gree can increase the competition among the university students nowadays. The rate of failure rate among the students in the university nowadays is increasing so the increase of qualification in order to get a job will ensure the students to take hard to achieve good results when they graduated. This willincrease the level of education in our country thus producing good image for the country.In conclusion, the kindergarten teachers should have at least a basic degree to harbor sure the children get a well early educat

How Effective Is Police Stop and Search Essay Example for Free

How in force(p) Is Police Stop and Search EssayThis assessment will focus on Section 1 of The Police and Criminal Evidence proceed 1984 (Stop and Search powers). I will look at the purpose of reside and look to before the Macpherson news deal and after the Macpherson report and comp be how it has changed. The lend oneself of contraceptive diaphragm and depend powers allow the jurisprudence to tackle crime and anti-social behaviour, and to prevent much serious crimes occurring generally in usual places like a Football match. A patrol functionr time period ask what you are doing, why youre in an area and/or where youre going. They also hasten the power to stop and essay you if they move over reasonable grounds to suspect youre carrying illegal drugs, a weapon, stolen property or something which could be manipulation to commit a crime, such as a dangerous weapon. You can only be stopped and anticipateed without reasonable grounds if it has been approved by a se nior legal philosophy officer. This can follow if it is suspected that serious violence could take place, you are carrying a weapon or have used one or you are in a specific location or area. so far, you dont have to answer any questions the patrol officer asks you.The Police officer will none squander seven details these include Ethnicity, Objective of search, Grounds for search, Identity of the officer carrying out the stop and search, Date, cartridge holder and Place. However being searched does not mean you have been arrested, unless any of these factors apply. Sir William McPherson carried out an inquiry in 1999 chase an investigation of the slaughter of Stephen Lawrence. The 18-year-old A-Level student was fatally stabbed in an unprovoked attack as he waited for a bus in Eltham, south capital of the United Kingdom, in April 1993.Nobody, at the time was convicted of his murder. However in 2006 the Metropolitan Polices performing Deputy Commissioner, ordered a cold gaf fe review that led to the convictions of Gary Dobson and David Norris in 2011 they were bring guilty by an Old Bailey jury after a trial based on forensic evidence. Scientists pitch a tiny bloodstain on Dobsons jacket that could only have go into from Mr Lawrence. They also found a single hair belonging to the teenager on Norriss jeans. Both men have had introductory run-ins with the law Dobson was jailed for five years in 2010 for drugs trafficking.He is among a small result of men to have been tried twice for the same crime (double jeopardy) after the Court of Appeal quashed his 1996 forbearance for the murder. Norris was convicted in 2002 of a separate allegation of racially threatening behaviour. Allegations of incompetence and racism against Metropolitan police officers that were in charge of the nerve sparked the caudexal inquiry as did two internal police inquiries which exonerate the Metropolitan itself. In analogy to the stop and search in that location is no act ual change in the stop and search powers for the police.However records of all stop and search operation have to be published, and a copy of the record can also be given to the person involved if requested and then there can be no discriminative reason to stop someone as the police have to provide written reason to the suspect and the police force. The 1981 Brixton riots and the subsequent Scarman report were key factors in the passage of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). It provides the core framework of police powers and safeguards around stop and search, arrest, detention, investigation, identification and interviewing detainees.The aim of PACE has always been to establish a balance between the powers of the police in England and Wales and the rights of members of the public. Literature Review The immediate effect of Macpherson saw a decline in the use of stop and search. In London, stop and searches fell from 180,000 in 1999/00 to 169,000 the following year. Nat ionally, the number of stop and searches fell by 21% and then a further 16% from 1998 to 2000. By December 2000, representatives of rank and file officers were saying that Macpherson had dishonored morale. Officers, they state, were unprepared to use stop and search out of fear of being labeled anti-Semite(a).So William Hague called for there to be a rise in the use of Stop and Search. This was evident in 2001 when Mr Hague linked a rise in violent street crime in some areas to a drop in stop and searches of dense people because police officers feared being called racist. However, this can be argued as numerous low-spirited and Asian people including Stephen Lawrences father, Neville, who filed a complaint after being stopped last year said they were still being unfairly targeted. And in January figures from the Home Office line of battleed that the fall in searches was greatest for egg white suspects with b escape people still ive times to a greater extent likely to be sto pped in London than white people. The Equality Act 2010 makes it prohibited for police officers to discriminate against, harass or victimise any person in relation to age, disability, gender reassignment, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation, marriage, civil partnership, motherliness and maternity when using their powers on the ground of protected characteristics (Home Office 2011). This shows they have tried to control the pip of racism in the force and tried to put a stop to it.However racism deep down the force goes back decades as before 1984 police were allowed to stop and search whoever they wanted therefore it became easier and more(prenominal) of a habit to target people who fit shepherds crook persona. This laid back approaching to stop and search caused problems because police became discriminative to the public which can be shown in the Home office statistics (Police and Criminal Evidence Act, The 1984). Research shows this is still happening today e ven though the Equality Act 2010 was put forward this is evident in (justice 2010). Black people are 8 per cent more likely than whites to face stop and search.In relation to the McPherson report the Committee said that since the introduction of the report the police have made tremendous strides in the service they provide to ethnic minority communities and in countering racism amongst its own workforce. This is evident in the fact that sixty-seven of Macphersons 70 recommendations have been implemented fully or in part in the ten years since his report was published. However the statistics show that there is still racism in the force therefore were McPhersons recommendations needed or could he have focused more on the problem in hand?Many people see that that racist persona of the forces comes from the idea that police officers are hard, tough, and will not tolerate unacceptable behaviour. This is called cop floriculture which is hard to define as it has moved from discussing abou t one culture to discussing different cultures such as subculture, street culture, patrol culture, canteen culture (It can be defined as where the police share the same sense of identity which evolves around work, hard play and hard drinking), plate culture and the cardigan squad (the soft and fluffy culture).Cop culture can be seen as many different things depending on how you view the police themselves. In Britain the Scarman report in 1981 riots in Brixton was influential and raised the importance of stop and search on young shameful men who felt they had been unfairly targeted cod to their colour. Rowe argues that while not all findings were the militaristic style of policing, with poor public engagement t complete recommendations relating to policing for example on genteelness, the role of community policing, lay visitors at police stations, discipline and stop and search. Rowe also mentions that the recommendations mentioned in the Scarman report were reiterated in the M cPherson report almost 20 years later suggests that the recommendations were not effectively implemented in the Scarman report (Rowe 2007155).However McPherson was more forthright using the term institutional racism that Scarman shied away from, making the problem more visible to the public. This is evident when the metropolitan police mishandled the Stephen Lawrence case due to a combination of professional incompetence, institutional racism and a failure of leadership by senior officers (McPherson 1999). In terms of police culture, institutional racism was said to incorporate racist stereotyping of black people as potential criminals or troublemakers (McPherson 1999).Taking this into account a racist officer can be seen as an incompetent officer as it is finding a lack of understanding of ethnical diversity illustrated in the existence of cultural crisis in the metropolitan police therefore they should be retrained or dismissed. Many people of been very critical of the McPherson report one main criticism is that although McPherson made 70 much needed recommendations for the force he did little to bring justice for the family of Stephen Lawrence which was the reason he before conducted the inquiry.However 11 years after the inquiry was completed justice was in fact served for the Lawrence family only not due to McPhersons recommendations. This shows the failings of which the Macpherson Report draws attention too, is in relation to the police investigation into the murder of Stephen Lawrence which is cardinal, but the explanation as to how and why the problems occurred is somewhat limited which needed to be noted as well. This means that he noted the problem of racism but didnt recommend to put the case back on retrial.The problems identified by McPherson are not only unique to this case or other racial murders but rather they are related to the social, legal and organisational environments in which this sort of police work should be undertaken at all time s. The stop and search has been proven to be a mastery for the police, the power to stop and search people who they suspect of being involved in crime is an important tactic. It provides a means to confirm or allay suspicions about individuals without exercising their power of arrest.Where the stop and search is employed appropriately and proportionately, it could increase community confidence in the police force and make a positive contribution to reducing the fear of crime. Stop and search has been very successful in relation to knife crime. For example October 2009, more than 380,000 stops and searches have been conducted 14,700 people have been arrested and more than 7,500 knives have been recovered. However the stop and search has seen negative attitudes in relation to law-abiding people who feel they have been unpardonably targeted.These people are less likely to trust the police and co-operate with them when they have a problem, therefore conducting effective policing, becom es much more difficult. There are still concerns in relation to stop and search and done this the equality and human right commissioners are continuing to monitor how the police are using their stop and search powers. They want to see a reduction in the national figures for race disproportionality in the use of stop and search powers. A reduction in the number of excess stops and searches carried out on black and Asian people.Also forces with high excesses, in particular the Metropolitan Police, taking action to cover that the powers are being used in a non-discriminatory and lawful manner. They are also monitoring and concentrating on forces that currently have particularly high rates of disproportionality, in particular some southern verdant forces, taking action to reduce their race disproportionality ratios. And finally the forces with race disproportionality collaborating and sharing good practice with their neighbours.The lack of ethnic contact outside law enforcement and i n the law enforcement necessarily a clear transformation. The criminal justice system can in no way be prejudice, discriminative, racist or sexist. They are there to keep the public safe and the public has to trust them otherwise the system would fail, the public have to be extremely open-minded. One way to do this is to focus on race awareness training for all police officers in and joining the force. However this strategy has been used before and after the Scarman report and unfortunately made little impact over the decades since.Macpherson is aware of this but fails to adopt a more radical policy agenda directed at the structure and organisation of policing and the relationship between police and ethnic minorities in the law-enforcement situation itself therefore the race problem is still occurring. To conclude many will argue that not much is different before the McPherson report during and after. The statistics show that being of ethnic origin walking the streets you are more likely to be stopped then if you are white, this stereotype needs to be changed and then the force will be less inclined to stop people of this definition with little or lack of reason.However there has been a decline in the amount of black and Asian people stopped but also a decline in the amount of officers that use stop and search on regular basis in fear that they will be labelled a racist. The police need to find a balance between being labelled and doing their prank to maximise the trust from the public and minimise fear of crime. Therefore the public and force can come together to make the community the safest place possible.

Isolation of Vibrations Caused By Human Sources Essay Example for Free

Isolation of Vibrations Ca utilise By Human Sources Essay at that place ar many different forms of vibrations that return on account of human interactions and human involvement. In possibility, these vibrations could causation a lot of problems for those who are trying to manage their buildings and structures. in that respect are many different types of vibrations that deal be caused by humans. These types of vibrations can imply vibrations from trains, cars, airplanes, people who are outside of the structure, and the vibrations caused by small equipment.thither are many different things that are done to structures in enounce to improve their ability to be able to handle the vibrations that are available for both inside the structure as sound as what are available when building the structure. These precautions can help the building to be able to hold in the vibrations without causation structural damage or problems. The objectives pull up stakes be to look at the over all importance of structures existence able to withstand vibrations as comfortably as the general knowledge that is needed in order to ensure that the vibrations do not cause structural damage in any form.Through Chapter 2 a literature look back this report go away look at the various reports and information that are available about vibrations and the various types of vibrations. The report will also look at the different types of problems that could occur within the structure as a result of the vibrations. The various types of precautions that are used to reduce the likelihood of structural damage from vibrations will also be looked at. As will the information that is newfangled and shows the new research and technology that is available.This will all be done done a thorough review of the literature that has been written about the battleground. In Chapter 3 the theory world discussed is the idea that structures are subject to a variety of vibrations at all times on account of human interaction with the structures. The theory is that there needs to be precautionary measures taken in order for the structures to be able to withstand the vibrations and therefore not have any structural damage as a result. These types of precautions can include both structural improvements within the structure as well as protecting certain separate of the structure.There are many different types of precautions that can be made and all of them have their profess ways of protection for the structure from the dangerous vibrations. However there are many new things being developed through technology that could vastly improve the structures chances of withstanding the harmful vibrations. In Chapter 4 a lot of research will go into this report on how these improvements which will be discussed through the previous chapters can truly be the most affective.Analytical analysis of the problems as the solutions as well as the benefits of new technology will be discussed. Both the pos itive and negative aspects of said reports will be looked at and in the end the structures involved will be able to have the scoop structural chances possible at this time. These conclusions will be brought forth by information that has been researched and reviewed and through the answer of analytical thinking to come up with ways that there can be improvements as well as things that should be continued or discontinued based on their probability of working.Through Chapter 5 it will be noted as to how the conclusions were made in Chapter 4. It will discuss the ideas, thoughts and theories behind the analytical conclusions and how these things were processed. This section will discuss the key points and the validity of the conclusions that were discussed in the previous chapter as well as how these things can be beneficial in being able to make further structural improvements. In Chapter 6 there will be a summary of the information included in the paper.There will also be conclusion s that were obtained through the research as well as the information that will help to improve the structural components in being able to identify and withstand varying levels of vibrations. The of import purpose of this report will be able to offer information that can be used in order to be able to better manage the overall design concepts and challenges in dealing to being able to assist in having structures that can better withstand varying levels of vibrations.

Symbolic Learning Methods Essay Example for Free

Symbolic teaching Methods EssayAbstractIn this paper, work outance of emblematic education algorithms and anxious study algorithms on unlike kinds of informationsets has been evaluated. Experimental results on the selective informationsets indicate that in the absence of dissonance, the exercises of typic and unquiet erudition methods were comparable in most of the cases. For infosets containing only symbolical attributes, in the presence of flutter, the performance of skittish learning methods was skipper to symbolic learning methods. But for entropysets containing mixed attributes ( a around(prenominal) numeral and few nominal), the recent versions of the symbolic learning algorithms performed reveal when commotion was introduced into the datasets. 1. Introduction The problem most often addressed by some(prenominal) flighty internet and symbolic learning systems is the inductive acquisition of c at one timepts from examples 1. This problem bath be cu rtly defined as follows given descriptions of a set of examples each labeled as belonging to a particular class, determine a procedure for correctly assigning in the buff examples to these classes. In the neural net literature, this problem is frequently referred to as supervised or associative learning. For supervised learning, both the symbolic and neural learning methods require the same introduce data, which is a set of classified examples represented as device characteristic vectors. The performance of both types of learning systems is evaluated by scrutiny how well these systems cannister accurately classify new examples. Symbolic learning algorithms give birth been tested on problems ranging from soybean disease diagnosis 2 to classifying chess sack games 3. Neural learning algorithms impart been tested on problems ranging from converting text to speech 4 to evaluating moves in backgammon 5.In this paper, the original problem is to do a comparative evaluation of the performances of the symbolic learning methods which use decision points such(prenominal) as ID3 6 and its revised versions like C4.5 7 against neural learning methods like Multilayer perceptrons 8 which implements a feed-forward neural network with actus reus back extension phone. Since the late 1980s, several studies have been done that compared the performance of symbolic learning approaches to the neural network techniques. Fisher and McKusick 9 compared ID3 and Backpropagation on the basis of both prediction accuracy and the length of get hold ofing. According to their conclusions, Backpropagation attained a slightly higher accuracy. Mooney et al., 10 found that ID3 was faster than a Backpropagation network, but the Backpropagation network was more adaptive to clanging data sets.Shavliket al., 1 compared ID3 algorithm with perceptron and backpropagation neural learning algorithms. They found that in altogether cases, backpropagation took much longer to train but the accu racies varied slightly depending on the type of dataset. Besides accuracy and learning time, this paper investigated triple additional aspects of empirical learning, namely, the dependence on the amount of training data, the ability to handle imperfect data of various types and the ability to utilize distributed output encodings. Depending upon the type of datasets they worked on, some authors claimed that symbolic learning methods were quite an superior to neural nets while some others claimed that accuracies predicted by neural nets were far purify than symbolic learning methods. The system existence made is that in case of noise isolated data, ID3 gives faster results whose accuracy allow for be comparable to that of back propagation techniques.But in case of noisy data, neural networks ordain perform better than ID3 though the time taken will be more in case of neural networks. Also, in the case of noisy data, performance of C4.5 and neural nets will be comparable since C4.5 too is yucky to noise to an extent due to pruning. 2. Symbolic Learning Methods In ID3, the system constructs a decision tree from a set of training objects. At each node of the tree the training objects are partitioned by their value along a single attribute. An information theoretic measure is apply to select the attribute whose values improve prediction of class membership above the accuracy expected from a stochastic guess. The training set is recursively decomposed in this manner until no remaining attribute improves prediction in a statistically significant manner when the confidence cistron is supplied by the user. So, ID3 method uses nurture Gain heuristic rule which is based on Shannons entropy to demonstrate efficient decision trees. But one disfavour with ID3 is that it overfits the training data. So, it gives rise to decision trees which are too specific and hence this approach is non noise resistant when tested on novel examples.Another disadvantage is tha t it cannot deal with missing attributes and requires all attributes to have nominal values. C4.5 is an improved version of ID3 which prevents over-fitting of training data by pruning the decision tree when required, thereof making it more noise resistant. 3. Neural Network Learning Methods Multilayer perceptron is a layered network comprising of input nodes, hidden nodes and output nodes 11. The error values are back propagated from the output nodes to the input nodes via the hidden nodes. enormous time is required to cast a neural network but once it is done, classification is quite fast. Neural networks are robust to noisy data as long as too many an(prenominal) epochs are not considered since they do not overfit the training data.4. Evaluation Design For the evaluation purposes, a free and popular software tool called Weka (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Acquisition) is used. This software has the implementations of several machine learning algorithms made easily accessib le to the user with the help of graphical user interfaces. The training and the test datasets have been taken from the UCI machine learning repository. devil different types of datasets will be used for the evaluation purposes. champion type of datasets contain only symbolic attributes (Symbolic Datasets) and the other type contain mixed attributes (Numeric Datasets). Performance of the different learning methods will be evaluated using the original datasets which do not contain any noise and after introducing noise into them. Noise is introduced in the class attributes of the datasets by using the AddNoise filter option in Weka which adds the specified percentage of noise randomly into the datasets.Symbolic Datasets are those which contain only symbolic attributes. Symbolic learning methods like ID3 and its recent developments can be run only on datasets where all the attributes are nominal. In Weka, these nominal attributes are automatically converted to numeric ones for neural network learning methods. So, preprocessing is not required in this type of datasets. Numeric Datasets are those which contain few nominal and few numeric attributes. Since symbolic learning methods like ID3 and its recent developments can be run only on datasets where all the attributes are nominal, these datasets first need to be preprocessed. A Discretize filter option available in Weka is used to discretize all the non-symbolic attribute values into individual intervals so that each attribute can now be treated as a symbolic one. Initially, the entire data being considered is randomized. Two types of evaluation techniques are being used to analyze the data.(a) Percentage Split In general, the data will be flare up randomly into training data and test data. In the experiments conducted, the data will be split such that training data comprises 66% of the entire data and the rest is used for testing. (b) K-fold Cross- formation In general, the data is split into k disjoint subsets and one of it is used as testing data and the rest of them are used as training data. This is continued till every subset has been used once as a testing dataset. In the experiments conducted, 5-fold ball up validation was done. 5. Experimental Results Experiments were conducted on two symbolic datasets and two numeric datasets. The two symbolic datasets are tic-tac-toe and chess. The two numeric datasets are segment and teachers assistant evaluation (tae).DataSet 1 TIC-TAC-TOE (a) 5-fold cross validation (i)Without any noise Classifiers ID3 Multilayer Perceptron J48 C4.5 unpruned C4.5 confidence mover = 0.1 (ii) Percentage of noisy data = 10% Classifiers ID3 Multilayer Perceptron J48 C4.5 unpruned C4.5 confidence factor = 0.1 sequence to build 0.03 6.16 0.02 0.06 0.01 % correct 67.4322 81.8372 75.8873 73.5908 71.2944 % incorrect 28.0793 18.1628 24.1127 26.4092 28.7056 % not classified 4.4885 0 0 0 0 succession to build 0.06 6.35 0.06 0.01 0.02 % correct 86.1169 97.4948 85.80 38 87.5783 83.1942 % incorrect 11.691 2.5052 14.1962 12.4217 16.8058 % not classified 2.1921 0 0 0 0(b) Percentage split with training data being 66% and the rest is testing data (i)Without Noise Classifiers ID3 Multilayer Perceptron J48 C4.5 unpruned C4.5 confidence factor = 0.1 (ii)Percentage of Noisy data = 10% Classifiers ID3 Multilayer Perceptron J48 C4.5 unpruned C4.5 confidence factor = 0.1 Time to build 0.05 6.5 0.01 0.01 0.02 % correct 85.5828 97.546 83.1288 88.0368 82.2086 % incorrect 11.0429 2.454 16.8712 11.9632 17.7914 % not classified 3.3742 0 0 0 0Time to build 0.04 6.15 0.02 0.02 0.01% correct 68.4049 80.6748 73.9264 72.3926 71.4724% incorrect 28.2209 19.3252 26.0736 27.6074 28.5276% not classified 3.3742 0 0 0 0For the tic-tac-toe dataset, in the presence of noise, neural nets had better prediction accuracies than all the other algorithms as expected. Though C4.5 gives better accuracy than ID3, its accuracy is still freeze off in comparison to Neural Nets. If the p runing factor (confidence factor was lowered) was increased, the prediction accuracies of C4.5 dropped a little. But in the absence of noise, the performances of ID3 and Multilayer Perceptronshould have been comparable. But the performance of Multilayer Perceptron is quite superior to ID3. DataSet 2 CHESS (a) 5-fold cross validation (i)Without any noise Classifiers ID3 Multilayer Perceptron J48 C4.5 unpruned C4.5 confidence factor = 0.1 (ii) Percentage of noisy data = 10% Classifiers ID3 Multilayer Perceptron J48 C4.5 unpruned C4.5 confidence factor = 0.1 Time to build 0.36 47.75 0.21 0.18 0.19 % correct 81.1952 86.796 89.0488 84.6683 88.4856 % incorrect 18.8048 13.204 10.9512 15.3317 11.5144 % not classified 0 0 0 0 0 Time to build 0.21 47.67 0.15 0.05 0.1 % correct 99.562 97.4656 99.3742 99.3116 99.2178 % incorrect 0.438 2.5344 0.6258 0.6884 0.7822 % not classified 0 0 0 0 0(b) Percentage split with training data being 66% and the rest is testing data (i)Without Noise Classifiers ID3 Multilayer Perceptron J48 C4.5 unpruned C4.5 confidence factor = 0.1 (ii)Percentage of Noisy data = 10% Classifiers ID3 Multilayer Perceptron J48 C4.5 unpruned C4.5 confidence factor = 0.1 Time to build 0.33 41.73 0.24 0.19 0.19 % correct 80.1288 85.7406 87.5805 82.6127 87.6725 % incorrect 19.8712 14.2594 12.4195 17.3873 12.3275 % not classified 0 0 0 0 0 Time to build 0.13 43.55 0.06 0.06 0.08 % correct 99.448 97.1481 99.08 98.988 99.08 % incorrect 0.552 2.8519 0.92 1.012 0.92 % not classified 0 0 0 0 0For the chess dataset, in the absence of noise, the performance of ID3 is better than that of Multilayer perceptron and takes lesser time. For the noisy data, back propagation predicts better accuracies than that of ID3 as expected, but the performance of C4.5 is slightly higher than back propagation. The reason for this could be that the lineament piazzain this dataset is more relevant. So, C4.5 builds a tree and prunes it to get a more efficient tree. DataSet 3 SEGMENT (a) 5-fold cross validation (i) Without any noise Classifiers ID3 Multilayer Perceptron J48 C4.5 unpruned C4.5 confidence factor = 0.1 (ii) Percentage of noisy data = 10% Classifiers ID3 Multilayer Perceptron J48 C4.5 unpruned C4.5 confidence factor = 0.1 Time to build 0.07 9.64 0.04 0.04 0.03 % correct 68.9333 80.8667 81.2667 79.6 80.5333 % incorrect 21.3333 19.1333 18.7333 20.4 19.4667 % not classified 9.7333 0 0 0 0 Time to build 0.05 10.3 0.02 0.23 0.12 % correct 88.0667 90.6 91.6 94 94.3333 % incorrect 5.2 9.4 8.4 6 5.6667 % not classified 6.7333 0 0 0 0(b) Percentage split with training data being 66% and the rest is testing data (i) Without Noise Classifiers ID3 Multilayer Perceptron J48 C4.5 unpruned C4.5 confidence factor = 0.1 (ii) Percentage of Noisy data = 10% Classifiers ID3 Multilayer Perceptron J48 C4.5 unpruned C4.5 confidence factor = 0.1 Time to build 0.07 11.73 0.03 0.04 0.03 % correct 72.9412 82.549 82.1569 82.549 81.3725 % incorrect 19.6078 17.451 17.8431 17.451 18. 6275 % not classified 7.451 0 0 0 0 Time to build 0.06 9.87 0.03 0.02 0.03 % correct 89.8039 87.6471 92.1569 93.7255 90.1961 % incorrect 4.1176 12.3529 7.8431 6.2745 9.8039 % not classified 6.0784 0 0 0 0Segment, being a numeric dataset, all the attribute values had to be discretized out front running the algorithms. In the absence of noise, ID3 performs slightly better than back propagation and the performance of J48 (implementation of C4.5 in Weka) is much better than ID3 and backpropagation. But a very interesting observation was found. In the absence of noise, the performance of an unpruned tree generated by C4.5 was quitesuperior to the rest. In the presence of noise, the performances of back propagation and C4.5 were comparable. DataSet 4 TAE (a) 5-fold cross validation (i) Without any noise Classifiers ID3 Multilayer Perceptron J48 C4.5 unpruned C4.5 confidence factor = 0.1 (ii) Percentage of noisy data = 10% Time to % % build correct incorrect ID3 0.02 53.6424 37.0861 Mult ilayer Perceptron 0.16 38.4106 61.5894 J48 0.02 52.9801 47.0199 C4.5 unpruned 0.01 56.2914 43.7086 C4.5 confidence factor = 0.1 0.01 54.3046 45.6954 (b) Percentage split with training data being 66% and the rest is testing data (i) Without Noise Classifiers ID3 Multilayer Perceptron J48 C4.5 unpruned C4.5 confidence factor = 0.1 (ii) Percentage of Noisy data = 10% Classifiers ID3 Multilayer Perceptron J48 C4.5 unpruned C4.5 confidence factor = 0.1Time to build 0.01 0.17 0.01 0.01 0.01 % correct 38.4615 44.2308 44.2308 50 44.2308 % incorrect 40.3846 55.7692 55.7692 50 55.7692 % not classified 21.1538 0 0 0 0 Time to build 0.02 2.23 0.03 0.02 0.01 % correct 44.2308 57.6923 51.9231 55.7692 42.3077 % incorrect 34.6154 42.3077 48.0769 44.2308 57.6923 % not classified 21.1538 0 0 0 0 Classifiers % not classified 0 0 0 0 0 Time to build 0.02 0.18 0.02 0.01 0.01 % correct 54.3046 54.9669 48.3444 50.9934 47.0199 % incorrect 35.0993 45.0331 51.6556 49.0066 52.9801 % not classified 10.596 0 0 0 0TAE, being a numeric dataset, its attribute values had to be discretized too before running the algorithms. But after observing the results, it is very clear that the random discretization provided by Weka did not generate good intervals due to which the overall accuracy predicted by all the methods is quite poor. Again, interestingly an unpruned tree built by C4.5 seems to give high prediction accuracies relative to the rest in most of the cases. In this case, for cross-validation approach and noisy data, surprisingly the performance of back-propagation was very poor. One reason for this could be that only few epochs of the training data were run to build the neural network. In the absence of noise, accuracy prediction of Multilayer perceptron was either comparable or greater than that of ID3. 6. Conclusion No single machine learning algorithm can be considered superior to the rest. The performance of each algorithm depends on what type of dataset is being considered, whether t he feature space is relevant and whether the data contains noise.In the absence of noise, in some cases, the performance of ID3 was comparable or sometimes better than back-propagation and was faster but in some cases Multilayer perceptron performed better. When noisy datasets were considered, back propagation definitely did better than ID3 though it took more time to build the neural network. But in the presence of noise, in some cases, C4.5 gave faster and better results when the attributes being considered were relevant. But some surprising observations were made when the attribute values of the numeric datasets were discretized, the prediction accuracy of an unpruned tree generated by C4.5 algorithm was much higher than the rest.This shows that the unpruned tree generated by C4.5 is not the same as that generated by ID3. References 1.Mooney, R., Shalvik, J., and Towell, G. (1991) Symbolic and Neural Learning Algorithms An experimental comparison, in Machine Learning 6, pp. 111- 143. 2. Michalski, R.S., Chilausky, R.L. (1980) Learning by being told and learning from examples An experimental comparison of two methods of knowledge acquisition in the context of developing an expert system for soybean disease diagnosis, in Policy Analysis and Information Systems, 4, pp. 125-160. 3. Quinlan, J.R. (1983) Learning efficient classification procedures and their application to chess end games in R.S. Michalski, J.G. Carbonell, T.M. Mitchell (Eds.), in Machine learning An artificial intelligence approach (Vol. 1). Palo Alto, CA Tioga. 4. Sejnowski, T.J., Rosenberg, C. (1987) collimate networks that learn to pronounce English text, in hard Systems, 1, pp. 145-168. 5. Tesauro, G., Sejnowski, T.J. (1989) A parallel network that learns to play backgammon, in Artificial Intelligence, 39, pp. 357-390. 6. Quinlan, J.R. (1986) Induction on Decision Trees, in Machine Learning 1, 1 7. Quinlan, J.R. (1993) C4.5 Programs for Machine Learning. San Mateo Morgan Kaufmann.8. Rumelhart, D., Hinton, G., Williams, J. (1986) Learning Internal Representations by Error Propagation, in Parallel Distributed Processing, Vol. 1 (D. Rumelhart k J. McClelland, eds.). MIT Press. 9. Fisher, D.H. and McKusick, K.B. (1989) An empirical comparison of ID3 and backpropagation, in Proc. of the Eleventh International enunciate Conference on Artificia1 Intelligence (IJCAI-89), Detroit, MI, August 20-25, pp. 788-793. 10. Mooney, R., Shavlik, J., Towell, G., and Gove, A.(1989) An experimental comparison of symbolic and connectionist learning algorithms, in Proc. of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-89), Detroit, MI, August 20-25, pp. 775-780. 11. McClelland, J. k Rumelhart, D. (1988). Explorations in Parallel Distributed Processing, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Evaluating Truth and Validity Exercise Essay Example for Free

Evaluating Truth and Validity Exercise Es learnAll phantasmal authorities argon implicated about the dangers of nuclear war. All politicians are concerned about the dangers of nuclear war. Therefore, either politicians are ghostly authorities. This course is in logical because of devil reasons. First it is an overgeneralization. How can someone actually learn that all ghostlike authorities are concerned about the dangers of nuclear war or all politicians are concerned about nuclear war? Has anyone polled all unearthly authorities or politicians? There can be a very few religious authorities that might think it leave alone never happen, so there is no reason to be concerned about it, or there could also perchance be a small religious faction that imagines that nuclear war will get unblock of all the evil in the world and is Gods way of cleansing the world. The same can be verbalize for politicians.Maybe there are a few that would want to start a war because of thei r egoistic motives. One can argue that there are politicians in Syria and Iran that would love to bomb the U.S and Israel. Nothing was verbalize about the politician having to be from this country. The second reason is that it is an illogical conclusion. One can non grade that dependable because politicians and religious authorities share the same concerns that they will become one in the same. They just share one interest. It takes more than caring about nuclear war to become a religious authority. Religious authorities must go through a process that usually takes years of religious education, and practice. There are certain instances, of course, where some politicians are religious authorities also however that is not predicated on the fact that they share the same view on one certain issue.If the Social protective cover system is further weakened, the fourth-year will take away to fear pauperisation. Therefore, if the Social protection system is not further weakened, th e elderly will not have to fear poverty. This is anovergeneralization and an illogical conclusion. It is true that if the Social Security system is further weakened, the some of the elderly will have to fear poverty, but not all of the elderly. roughly elderly people are very wealthy. Other elderly people have family members who have made arrangements to take care of them and their financial needs. Of course, there will be a lot of elderly that will fear poverty without the social certification checks they would be receiving once a month. Because of these reasons the origin is an overgeneralization. The argument is also an illogical conclusion because some people regardless of their social security will unflurried be in poverty.Some people do not have a significant choke history to receive a lot of money from the social security department. According to the social security department website, the average check for a retired worker is $1,294 a month. (Office, 2014) According to the United States Government the poverty level for a family of one is $980.83. (federal official Register, 2015) What must be taken into consideration is that some recipients will be well below the average social security check, and some will be well above. Those that are well below the average will be in poverty if that is all they are receiving. This argument does not account for the elderly that will not even receive a social security. They will have to fear poverty regardless of how weak or strong the social security is.The anti-abortionists say that the fetus is human, but they have not proved it. Therefore, they have no reasonable basis for opposing abortion. This argument is invalid because of at least two reasons. The first reason it is not a valid argument is because it has been proven that the fetus is human after eight months. How could it not be human if it comes from two persons who have intercourse and conceive a fetus? This is the definition of a fetus according to M erriam-Webster an unhatched or unhatched vertebrate especially after attaining the basic structural plan of its kind specifically a developing human from usually two months after conception to birth. In this argument, there is no mention as to how soon after conception the fetus becomes a human. Could the argument still be valid if it were eight months after conception? Another reason this is an illegitimate argument is that the argument wants a person to think that theonly reason antiabortionist rival abortions is because the fetus is human.There are antiabortionists who have numerous reasons why they feel abortion is wrong. Some of the most popular reasons why some people oppose abortion are because of morality. They believe that the fetus is a human the minute it is conceived. Some people believe it to be divine intervention from God and humans do not have the right to go against Gods desires and plan. Many of these people are very religious in faith and to them it does not ma tter when doctors say the baby goes from being an egg to a human fetus.Another reason people oppose abortions is because of the synthetic rubber of the person having the abortion. Some people feel it is an unnecessary risk to a womans health. Many women have died from complications presently resulting from abortions. Internal hemorrhaging is not very uncommon. Some women have indirect complications such as depression and anxiety. Some women have even committed suicide because of their mental health issues after having an abortion. For these several reasons, this argument is illegitimate.ReferencesFederal Register (2015) (Accessed 21 April 2015).fetus a human being or animal in the posterior stages of development before it is born (no date). (Accessed 21 April 2015). Office, P. (2014) Social Security Administration Social Security elemental Facts. (Accessed 21 April 2015). Ruggiero, V. R. (2012) The Art of Thinking, a guide to critical and creative thought (10th ed.). New York, NY Pearson

Uniforms in Public Schools Essay Example for Free

Uniforms in Public conditions EssaySince crime is a fix in al close every community, it only follows that overt instills, as indispensable institutions in the community, may be vulnerable to criminal predicaments, if non inevitable victims of crime altogether. Crimes in public checks come out from trivial to stark cases. According to a DPI news release, most of these crimes have something to do with possession, be of illegal substances, firearms, and explosives, or as yet petty alcohol (DPI, 2006). However, although not as rampant, crimes in public schools in any case involve robberies, as soundly as physical and sexual assaults. Even more alarming nowadays is the fact that public schools do-nothing also become targets of massacres or killings sprees, as was proven by the Virginia Tech incident in a CNN article dated April 17, 2007 (CNN, 2007). Thus, the current situation of public schools becomes rather alarming, and rises worry about their children who atomic nu mber 18 in school. Marcus Nieto, author of protective covering and Crime Pr all the sametion Strategies in atomic number 20 Public Schools, says that the causes of school crimes vary on with different perspectives regarding the amour (Nieto, 1999).Joel Turtel, author of Public Schools, Public Menace, on the other hand, states that some consider escape of cogitation in schools a primary cause, piece of music others believe that it is lack of moral values and agnate guidance (Turtel, 2005). Facts show that drug use is also a precipitant of school crime and violence, and in that respect are those who maintain that it is due to glorified violence in culture and the media (Nieto, 1999). Survey shows that negligence of parents is also a contributing factor, and was also identified in a CNN poll as one of the hook three causes of crimes in schools on with access to guns and the media (Nieto, 1999).Numerous strategies have already been and are being assiduous to prevent such cri mes within schools. Such preventive measures range from simple and inexpensive to d ingestright elaborate. simple preventive measures include assigning teachers in hallways, grouping troubled students in alternative schools, and requiring visitor allowance (Nieto, 1999). Other strategies involve creating a peaceful ambiance contributory to teaching and learning through large school-safety plans, zero-tolerance policies for drugs and weapons, and community collaboration (Nieto, 1999). More elaborate preventive measures include providing telephones for each classroom, installing surveillance systems, stationing of changelessed police officers and creating anonymous hotlines and websites through which anyone in possession of weapons and other illegal material underside be reported. The U. S. Department of teaching states in the manual on School Uniforms that the increasing violence within schools prompts parents and force members to subscribe to the implementation of a schoo l identical constitution (Department of Education, 1996).According to Linda Lumsden, the associate editor, and Gabriel Miller, a interrogation analyst and writer for ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management at the University of Oregon, the matter of school safety is a concern that renders the whim of a caparison code or equivalent policy rather lovable (Lumsden Miller, 2002). However, the implementation of a uniform policy cannot possibly solve the crime problem altogether. The U. S.Department of Education furthers in the Manual on School Uniforms that uniforms by themselves cannot solve all the problems of school discipline, but they can be one positive contributing factor to discipline and safety. II. Presentation of Proposal A obligatory school policy may not be the entire solution for the growing levels of violence and public school crimes. However, it can contribute significantly, though indirectly, to the maintenance of a safe and disciplined environment that is conducive to learning (Department of Education, 1996).Moreover, the implementation of a dress code or school uniform policy comes along with several more benefits. The benefits enumerated by the U. S. Department of Education include decreasing violence and thefteven life-threatening situationsamong students over designer clothing or expensive sneakers, help oneselfing prevent gang members from clothing gang colors and insignia at school, instilling students with discipline, helping parents and students resist peer pressure, helping students concentrate on their school work, and helping school officials recognize intruders who come to the school (Department of Education, 1996). More importantly, as one parent commented at a forum regarding dress code policies via internet e-mail, uniforms can help students take school more seriously with a renewed respect for that place where they are being prepared for the future, where they will, most likely, also be necessitate to observe a dre ss code. III. Summary and Rebuttal of Opposing Views Studies may have shown that no difference exists between students who are in uniform and those who are not.However, a obligatory uniform policy provides a sort of equality among students, for the same dress code will more or less reduce the superficial gap between the impoverished and the well-off. This will then vary magnitude the pressure among students, especially adolescents, to dress in order to fit in (Middleweb, 2000). The implementation of a dress code policy may also be contested by another counter-argument, that is, a required dress code will further challenge the purchasing power of families from the poorer neighborhoods. According to the U. S. Department of Education, non-uniform outfits are usually more expensive than uniforms.According to an August 2002 article of the Wall Street Journal, the cost of uniforms range from $25-$40 per outfit (NAESP, 2002). An article from USA Today states that parents more or less sp end $185 for non-uniform outfits for each child. Nevertheless, implementation of a uniform policy might still be a burden for families who cannot hold them (NAESP, 2002). Still, school districts can come up with provisions to assist those families. For instance, the school itself can provide uniforms to the students who cannot endure them (Department of Education, 1996).Community and business leaders can also provide financial assistance, and school parents can help each other provide uniforms for their children (Department of Education, 1996). The school alumni can also donate their used uniforms to the less let (Department of Education, 1996). IV. The Justification for the Proposal Argument A. Feasibility The implementation of a uniform dress code in public schools is highly feasible, as many school districts have already required their students to observe a dress code.Cherry Hill Elementary was the first public school to subscribe to a mandate uniform policy (NAESP, 2002). Th en Long Beach Unified School District in California followed suit in 1994 (NAESP, 2002). Since then, more and more schools have adopted uniforms. Promowear listed the top ten cities with the most schools with a uniform policy, namely Los Angeles/Long Beach, New York, Houston, Philadelphia, Dallas/Fort Worth, Washington DC, New Orleans, Detroit, Jacksonville FL, and Atlanta (NAESP, 2002). B. Cost-EffectiveAs a proposition of policy, the implementation of a uniform policy in public schools calls for a change in the status quo. Thus, the cost of this change must be considered. However, if the advantages are weighed against the disadvantages, the implementation of a uniform policy in public schools is cost-effective. As was mentioned above, a requisite uniform policy comes with several benefits while the disadvantages are only stripped. Furthermore, the disadvantages comprised by the supposed repression of self-expression and additional expenses can be addressed. The U.S. Department o f Education recommends that the uniform policy should not prohibit wearing expressive items with uniforms like pins or buttons, for instance, so long as such items do not independently contribute to disruption by substantially interfering with discipline or with the rights of others (Department of Education, 1996). The financial dilemmas can also be solved, as was already mentioned above. C. Does it work? The uniform policy apparently works, as many schools, both public and private, have already been observing a mandatory uniform policy for years.D. How will it be implemented? According to the U. S. Department of Education, the decision to implement a mandatory uniform policy is made by states, local school districts, and schools (Department of Education, 1996). Moreover, in the Manual on School Uniforms by the U. S. Department of Education, it is stated that parents and faculty members must also be involved in the evaluation on whether or not to adopt school uniforms (Department of Education, 1996). V. Moral AcceptabilitySince there exists an hypothesis that students have a right to liberty of expression, a sort of controversy springs in the midst of the idea of implementing a dress code. Although students retain constitutional rights to freedom of speech and expression, the Supreme Court has held that these rights are special (Madrid Garcia, 1999). In fact, the Supreme Court has recently articulated that schools can instill students with state sponsored values and ideals hence, school officials have the power to regulate expression, especially if they distract such values.Another warrant or assumption might be the aforementioned notion that uniformed students are no different from those who are not. Again, the matter of concern is not individual differences but the safety and well-being of the learning environment and the school nation as a whole. VI. Conclusion A mandatory school uniform policy may not be the entire solution to the predicaments rega rding crime and violence within public schools, but its positive contributions to fashioning the school environment safe, disciplined, and conducive to learning must be considered.The adoption of a school uniform policy may entail minute disadvantages, but these can be addressed and are minimal compared to the benefits a uniform or dress code policy provides. The students only have to realize that it is for their own good. CNN. (2007). Witness survives by pretending to be dead. Retrieved April 25, 2007, from www. cnn. com/2007/US/04/16/vtech. shooting/index. html Department of Education, U. S. (1996). Manual on School Uniforms Electronic Version. Retrieved may 03, 2007 from http//www. ed. gov/updates/uniforms.html. DPI. (2006). Latest Annual Report on School Crime and fury Released. from www. dpi. state. nc. us/newsroom/news/2005-06 Lumsden, L. , Miller, G. (2002). Dress Codes and Uniforms Electronic Version. Retrieved May 03, 2003 from http//www. naesp. org/ContentLoad. do? con tentId=417. Madrid, M. J. , Garcia, E. A. (1999). STUDENT DRESS CODES Constitutional Requirements and Policy Suggestions Electronic Version. Retrieved May 03, 2007 from http//www. modrall. com/articles/article_13. html. Middleweb. (2000).Some Thoughts About School Uniforms. Retrieved May 03, 2007, from http//www. middleweb. com/INCASEUniforms. html NAESP. (2002). Public School Uniforms Electronic Version. Retrieved May 03, 2007 from http//www. naesp. org/ContentLoad. do? contentId=929. Nieto, M. (1999). Security and Crime Prevention Strategies in California Public Schools. Retrieved May 03, 2007, from www. library. ca. gov/crb/99/12/99-012. pdf Turtel, J. (2005). Public School Prisons. Retrieved April 26, 2007, from www. homefires. com/articles/public_school_prisons. asp

Laid-Back Parenting Essay Example for Free

mellow Parenting EssayErin Zammett Ruddy wrote the article The New Laid-Back Parenting where she identifies whether a parent nooky exercise mellowed parenting efficiently in a hover-parenting culture and not take it to the extent of neglect. Practicing laid-back parenting has its challenges where it is tempting for the parent to snap back into an overly involved mode. most people who do not practice the laid-back parenting method may frown upon it. The occasion presents an fire perspective on how the use of a less hovering approach to parenting allows a child to be independent, surefooted and resourceful individuals in the future. The New Laid-Back Parenting article demonstrates that over-involved parenting can acquit a negative influence, later on in a childs life. Hence, the child is not able to handle reliable situations on their own without the help of their parents trying to do everything for them. Subsequently, the child is completely dependent on their parents for decision making and former(a) issues. This is in contrast to the laid-back parenting approach where it encourages a child to think and do things independently, to a certain extent. The article explains how a parent can live a balanced modus vivendi which involves being a parent, spouse and enjoying leisure at the same time. Also, the article gives an illustration of when the use of laid-back parenting has gone too far by the parent. Given these superlatives, the rootage seems in favor of laid-back parenting as being the most fit, when raising a child.Early on in the article, the indite provides quotes from historian Pamela Haag Ph.D. Haag states, that parenting, Its something you do intensively, rather than a status you have (Ruddy, 2013). This source is reputablebecause it is coming from someone who has their PhD in ethnic history, who most likely spends years studying the role of a parent in various cultures. This education relates to the authors topic and serves as a stan d out to the argument which makes it relevant and consistent with the article. some other fact that the author mentions is, Indeed, a new study at the University of Mary Washington found that over-involved parenting, which can extend well into young adulthood, may even be damaging long-term(Ruddy,2013). The source that the author uses is credible due to the fact that the study was done at the Washington University. However, if the author had included a few more Universities that have conducted the same study and arrived at a similar conclusion that hovering parenting results in negative effects on a childs life, it would create more proof for the article. Moreover, the author provides the evidence that over-involved parenting is least effective when raising a child. Overall, the authors use of facts re-enforces and supports the article billet on laid-back parenting.An aspect is clearly stated, when the author explains that Parent is a verb rather than a noun today(Ruddy,2013) Thi s opinion enforces the idea and function of what parenting is by emphasizing and comparing the role of parenting in the authors point of view. The explanation gives support that parenting is a responsibility. Also, Less parenting means more you time is an outlook the author uses to call for a balance life of being a parent. Still, it seems as if the author uses laid-back parenting as a convenient way to do other things, other than being a parent. Thus, the author appears to be some selfish in her thoughts. Nevertheless, the opinion is supported by how less hovering results in more time to do other activities in her life. Also, the points of view provided by parents who practice laid-back parenting functions as an opinion and provide support for the article. However, this seems bias because the author did not include the views of parents who do not practice laid-back parenting. In all, the author expresses her view points and how beneficial it is to promote less over-involved parent ing.In conclusion, the author relates her idea of parenting and lean towards laid-back parenting as being the most effective method when raising a child.The author believes that this type of parenting will have a positive impact on children as they progress into adulthood. A Less hovering parenting style results into transparent benefits for both the parent and child. As a result parents have more time to incorporate other activities in their lives while the child is learning to face life challenges independently and efficiently.ReferenceRUDDY, E. (2013). THE NEW relaxed PARENTING. Parenting School Years, 27(6), 47-48